The Marketing Strategy Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay

The Marketing Strategy Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay The organization Air Arabia which is picked in this report is an open organization. This report additionally gives data about how the organization functions inside and remotely. The principle center point of the Air Arabia Company is in Sharjah, U.A.E and Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca, Morocco. This report will likewise give you the budgetary Information of the organization and furthermore about its rivals monetary status like its business, benefit, and piece of the overall industry. Air Arabia is universes First and Largest Low Cost Carrier (LCC) to work in Middle East and North Africa. It works in excess of 40 nations worldwide and has sectioned its objective market in Middle East, Indian Subcontinents, South and Central Asia, Africa and Europe. The report likewise invigorates total data about the companys, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats and furthermore about its Product (Services), Price, Place and Promotion. Last yet not the least, the report has indicated the situation o f the organization in the current market, proof of the companys achievement and possibilities for future development/achievement. Air Arabia Presentation Air Arabia is the principal biggest Low Cost Carrier (LCC) to work in Middle East and North Africa. Air Arabia began its activity in October 2003 and holds an arrangement of effective business.The Main Hub of Air Arabia is Sharjah Airport, UAE and Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca, Morocco and later on reported its third center point in Egypt. The current CEO of Air Arabia is Adel Ali who was named as Airline CEO of the Year for a long time. Air Arabia is named as Best Low Cost Carrier at numerous Airline Awards. Air Arabia is a recorded organization on the Dubai Financial Market. The current Air Arabia trademark is Air Arabia, Pay Less Fly More. The Market Environment: Air Arabia has spread it wings from its center points; Sharjah Airport, UAE and Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca, Morocco and Egypt to more than 65 goals spreading across Middle East, Indian Subcontinents, South and Central Asia, Africa and Europe. Air Arabia is in Airline Industry and has kept up an arrangement of effective business till now. The Airline Industry gives Air transport administrations to travelers who need to head out to various nations which are canvassed via Airplanes in significantly less time. It likewise gives air payload offices. The Competition The Main Competitors Air Arabia has numerous contenders, for example, Emirates Airline, Etihad Airways, and Air India Express yet out of all these the fundamental contender of Air Arabia is Jazeera Airways. Deals and Profit Trend Jazeera Airways confronted a Net Loss of 8.2 million in the year 2009. In the year 2010 the organization is as yet working in loss of 4.4 million in the primary quarter and lost 4.7 million in the subsequent quarter. Piece of the pie Jazeera Airways head office is in Kuwait. It additionally had its center point in UAE but since of it confronting misfortune in the earlier year it had chosen to shut down the UAE center. So now it just controls from Kuwait. Target Market Jazeera Airways is a minimal effort aircraft that objectives the individuals with low pay. The Company Deals and Profit Trend Air Arabias organization benefits in the year 2009 were AED 452 million. In the year 2010 the benefits of the organization in the main quarter were AED 50 million and in the subsequent quarter were likewise AED 50 million. The organization is developing a solid system course which is helping in developing its deals. Piece of the pie The accompanying diagram shows Air Arabia Profit created around the world. GCC AED 63.28 million Center East AED 63.28 million North Africa AED 49.72 million Focal Asia AED 22.6 million Europe AED 94.92 million Indian Subcontinents AED 158.2 million Business Sector Air Arabia is an open area organization with its offer recorded on the Dubai Financial Market (DFM: AIRARABIA). SWOT investigation Qualities Air Arabia is the principal minimal effort transporter in the GCC area. Given the gigantic venture required in setting up an aircraft, rivalry will require time to be a huge danger. Sharjah Airport gives critical waivers to Air Arabia through landing and stopping charges. Notwithstanding an exceptionally youthful history, net benefits have been expanding at a CAGR of over 200% since 2005. The organization figured out how to create its first net benefit in 2005 subsequent to beginning activities in late 2003. Shortcomings Less number of planes Center point area An impediment for occupants of different emirates in UAE other than Dubai. Fuel costs represent generally 38% of absolute working expenses for Air Arabia. The value climb in raw petroleum is relied upon to keep influencing the aircraft. Openings With a firm request for 34 airplane and a possibility for 15 more, Air Arabia is ready for development. The aircraft is required to add more goals to its portfolio. Rivalry is as yet youthful when contrasted with Air Arabia which gives the organization time to additionally harden its situating as a quality LCC. The UAE and the GCC all in all is centered around pulling in visitors to the district. As the area develops with the rising cost of oil, the available market for Air Arabia likewise extends in the long haul. Dangers Being the most critical part of working costs, vitality costs can genuinely hamper Air Arabias execution. Aircrafts around the globe are battling a direct result of rising vitality costs. Low LCC entrance in the area makes the pie exceptionally huge anyway new LCCs are headed to make the division increasingly weakened later on. New LCCs incorporate Sama, Nas, RAK Airways and Fly Dubai. Because of constrained decision in airplane providers, carriers are delicate to conveyance timetables of airplane. The conveyance of the 34 arranged airplane is initially intended to initiate in 2013. The Companys Marketing Strategy Division Air Arabia has been spread worldwide through three center points specifically Sharjah Airport, Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca and Egypt air terminal. Air Arabia is in Travel and Tourism industry which is additionally isolated into Travel industry which furnishes with make a trip offices to travelers who need to head out to different nations though Tourism industry which help with Hotel reservations. Focusing on Air Arabia targets individuals with low salary who might want to venture to the far corners of the planet which couldn't be conceivable as the airship cargo is high. However, these days individuals with great salary have likewise begun going in Air Arabia as it causes them to put something aside for better future. Situating Air Arabia has situated itself in the market so that has kept it a long ways in front of its rivals. Air Arabia and Jazeera aviation routes are in rivalry yet interest for Air Arabia is high as it gives modest ticket cost. Development Strategy Air Arabia has wanted to grow its Sharjah center point by Investing 2.0 billion in new airplanes which will expand the quantity of planes to 34 by 2015.this extension will likewise build the recurrence of trips on specific courses, for example multiplying the quantity of day by day trips much of the time. The Marketing Mix Item (Service) Air Arabia offers numerous administrations to their clients as indicated by the objective portion they have a place with. They furnish with internet booking which diminishes the hour of a client to go to any office and book a flight. Air Arabia additionally gives lodging reservation administration and suggests the best choices for clients as indicated by their requirements and financial plans. Value Air Arabia is utilizing a minimal effort procedure, which is to offer lower cost than what different aircrafts in the market offer. It utilizes this procedure since it targets individuals from low to medium-salary level who are happy to pay less so as to fly more. Spot The primary base of Air Arabia is in Sharjah, UAE. It has progressively three centers which are in Morocco, Egypt and Jordon. Air Arabia additionally has an Online Website through which clients can book their flights, check the most recent offers and book a settlement in an inn during his/her movement. Advancement Air Arabia consistently promote in nearby and universal, Arabic and English papers and magazines on the grounds that their intended interest group are individuals from all nationalities. It publicizes in business, family and social magazines worldwide to arrive at their intended interest group who have various interests. Air Arabia has made a site offers numerous administrations, for example, the internet booking, which permit clients to choose specific seats or administration from their home. Besides, Air Arabia promotes in numerous sites from various fields, for example, the MSN delegate and the Gulf News. Assessment of the Companys Strategies and Tactics Current Market Situation Air Arabia being the First and biggest Low Cost Carrier in the Middle East and North Africa have put themselves in front of their rivals. The companys administrations are being requested by numerous clients because of whom in 2010 the Net Profit of the organization in second from last quarter expanded to AED 136 million. Proof of Companys Success The Companys benefit in the year 2009 was AED 452 million which had been diminished from the earlier year. Yet, the companys development system shows that it will be fruitful in the coming years. Possibilities for future development/achievement Air Arabia have contributed AED 1.7 2.0 billion on new airplanes to expand the quantity of planes by 2015. This speculation will expand the recurrence of the trips on specific courses. End Air Arabia has been developing in Travel and Tourism industry with a dream to offer better administrations and to be the best carrier on each course it flies by improving a solid system course. Along these lines, it has many objective portions of individuals with low to medium-salary levels that are searching for low air tolls. The aspiration of Air Arabia is an armada development of 50 airplanes by 2015 and furthermore setting up more center points to connect the entire Arab world to Africa and Europe

Behavioral Patterns of Selected 4th Year Students in San Pedro High School

Career Goals Essay - Writing One Yourself

Career Goals Essay - Writing One YourselfThe skill of essay writing is perhaps the most valuable ability to be learned from masters of admissions. This is a skill that can be cultivated with MBA samples. Those who want to study under some of the best masters in their field should consider the MBA essay writing curriculum. Most academic writing companies offer this sort of learning, and now it can be available to students through MBA samples.Students can earn their bachelor's degree without much difficulty. However, for those who choose to do an MBA, it is a challenging feat. In fact, completing an MBA is like a big mission, and some students may not find the time to write their own essay.There are resources to help students do this and get the type of career and personal essays that are essential in receiving their Master's degree. The right approach for writing an essay is taught through MBA samples. A professor or research assistant will walk students through the course by allowing them to practice writing on a sample project.Students will have to begin with the basics, which is doing the necessary reading to gain an understanding of the coursework and curriculum that are included in MBA. One of the best ways to do this is to take courses from a university that has a Masters in Business Administration program. These institutions are the best place to learn the principles of an MBA. They will also make it easier for students to understand their core subjects, which are business and economics.The process of writing a resume can be tedious, but the outcome can only be meaningful when done with the correct skills. MBA is the perfect platform for this. Students should not shy away from writing their own resume, but they should think carefully about the style and format that best fits their individual situation. Some common resume formats are provided below.To learn more about MBA samples, please visit one of the website listed at the end of this article. You can u se the website to learn about the various parts of a resume, including the title page and the application essay. You will also be able to apply for a work-study position to learn how to write your own career goals essay. Because of the help you can receive, it will help you to achieve your goal of obtaining a Master's degree.When applying for the job, students can utilize an MBA sample that covers the basic parts of a resume, including the resume summary and the interview letter. They can use this format to prepare for what is to come. Students can use the sample to explore how to write their personal essays, while also building their professional resume.There are many ways to take advantage of MBA samples. There are well-known companies that provide resources that can help students accomplish their career goals. Students can take advantage of this opportunity to be masters of their own success and to further their education.

The Internet Is Not A Tangible Entity Essay - 1447 Words

The Internet Originally intended by America research scientists to correspond with each other, it evolved to be a widely accepted form of telecommunication for users of personal computers. The foundation of the internet is derived from an interconnection of computers globally numbering millions, information systems and communication entities. The internet uses standard internet protocol suites in linking many devices in a network of many other networks (WebWise Team, 2012). The man physical properties of the internet are based on its operation. For internet to exist, there have to be machines, hardware and data. The networks in the internet are connected suing network configurations that are either local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). The internet is always evolving and its accessibility is also changing. With the integration of technology, there are more devices likely to be invented and e used in new and exciting ways to access the internet. The internet is not a tangible entity, but more of a concept that relies on physical infrastructure to be operational. Though nobody owns the internet, the over 2.4 billion users cannot work without monitoring. Internet organizations are responsible for the issuance of domain names and IP addresses that identifies. For a user to be connected to a network, there is an internet service provider (ISP) required to provide connectivity. Once connected to an ISP, the user becomes part of their network. 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Personal Self Control And Early Intervention - 912 Words

PAGE 1 Personal Self-Control or Early Intervention Self-Control- The term self-control defines as, â€Å"someone’s control over his or her own impulses, emotions, feelings and actions (Jack Gantos, 2016). Early Intervention- To avoid a crisis, you need to be able to observe or assess the situation in such a way as to notice when it is beginning to develop into a crisis (Saskatchewan Polytechnic, 2016, p. 29). There are some basic elements of crisis. For instance, they occur quakily, unexpected and follows specific phases. It is an important thing to know more about our strengths and triggers before dealing crisis. We are responsible for our emotions and feelings. For this assignment, I would like to follow the points given above for the early intervention and self-control: Listen- Listening is the core of any process. For the early intervention, it is important for front line workers to listen properly to the clients and individuals. For the non-verbal clients, we have to be aware about their body language and signs for communication. For instance, when I was on my one week practicum, I worked with one non-verbal client. She always used her hands to deliver any kind of message. I became aware of her messages that delivered by using hands from his daily log book. Listening is more important than assuming situation. Perception Check- After listening, it is important to understand the person and situation for the better results. For this purpose, I would like to followShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Raising An Aggressive Child Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesparents teach their children to handle their aggression? Why is early detection of aggressive behavior so important? Does training at a young age really help stop the aggressive behavior in later years? 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The Freedom Of Speech Hate Speech - 1187 Words

An Introduction to the Marketplace of Ideas Freedom of speech, along with the freedom of the press, have both become the two most important rights for each American citizen to defend. The First Amendment defends five of the following freedoms: the freedom of religion, the freedom of assembly, the freedom of the press, the freedom of petition, and the freedom of speech (First Amendment Center). All of these freedoms are equally important. However, even when people in a democratic society better acknowledge the vast diversity of opinions because of , it is important to consider the evolution of the freedom of speech, the marketplace of ideas that symbolizes the freedom of expression, and the greatest contemporary challenge that threaten to diminish the individual’s right of free speech: hate speech laws. The Historical Evolution of the Freedom of Speech Many American citizens today widely embrace freedom of speech as an â€Å"absolute right† to publish or speak their own thoughts. They treat it as a way of life. Freedom of expression, which encompasses the five freedoms granted by the First Amendment, allow â€Å"an individual or group of individuals to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from government censorship.† While freedom of speech has a largely broad definition, there are a few exceptions that do not constitute as free speech: fighting words, defamation, and blackmail (First Amendment Center). In previous centuries, however, theShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Of Hate Speech Is Not Freedom Speech1143 Words   |  5 PagesHate Speech is not Freedom Speech Between August 11th and August 12th of 2017, the world watched the disturbance news of what was going on in Charlottesville, Virginia. The horrific videos and images left the world in shock. Groups of white supremacy, nationalists, hitler youths marched in unison screaming, â€Å"White lives matter! Blood and Soils! You will not replace us! 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Elia Kazan’s ‘On the Waterfront’ Essay Sample free essay sample

Elia Kazan’s ‘On the Waterfront’ tells the narrative of Terry Malloy’s journey through moral deficiency of concern to achievements. By the terminal of the movie both Terry and the audience are able to recognize his development and moral growing. Terry Malloy is most surely non a failure. Lamb shows the audience that Terry triumphs over the misfortune community and battle that he lives in. However. without the counsel of Edie Doyle and Father Barry that Terry comes to gain his true prospective to dispute the seemingly ‘perfect’ Waterfront Crime Union. Besides with the motive from Charley’s decease pushes Terry to bravely confront Jonny Friendly and seek salvation for him and the abused stevedores. At the beginning of the movie Terry’s yesteryear is important. it plays a outstanding portion in Terry’s negative ego perceptual experience. Terry’s past plays a immense function in his journey. it is important because it affects the manner he sees himself and the journey he makes throughout the movie. We will write a custom essay sample on Elia Kazan’s ‘On the Waterfront’ Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Terry had a rough upbringing. his male parent was murdered when he was immature and Terry was brought up by his older brother Charley. The boys both lived in a boy’s place until Johnny Friendly came along and became the boy’s male parent figure. But Terry is portrayed by many as a selfish. hard headed male child for the corrupt individual that Johnny Friendly becomes. This is shown through Terry Malloy’s organic structure linguistic communication particularly in the opening scene of the movie when he receives his concluding demonstrative order from Friendly ‘You take it from here. Slugger’ the audience learns from this that Terry is on side with the opposition. he is fundamentally do it because he feels he has to. There is an component of Terry which shows he has a scruples at work. Terry’s transmutation from being a morally compromised single to hero is illustrated as he ab initio associates with Johnny Friendly’s pack who commit thuggery and extortion over the stevedores under the gloss of a brotherhood to an person who defies and breaks the chokehold of power Johnny Friendly has over the waterfront. Influenced by the decease of Joey Doyle his brother. Terry courageously and singularly exposes the waterfront corruptness at the Crime Commission hearings cognizing full good the reverberations. It is Father Barry who provides Terry with a sense of authorization. reawakening a positive ego perceptual experience and moral value. Terry confesses to Father Barry about his engagement in Joey’s decease and Father Barry so acts as a moral compass who guides Terry into the right way and promoting him into testify against Friendly and squealing to Edie Doyle about his brother’s decease. His end is to set a halt on the waterfront crim committee and free the stevedore from the corrupt universe they’re life in. These ends are which conveying Father Barry and Terry together. Terry gets advice from Father Barry and he encourages Terry to squeal to Edie. which acts as a good growing and trust in their relationship. By Terry listening to Father Barry’s words of wisdom. it’s supplying Terry’s scruples into the right way. Besides with the decease of Terry’s brother. Charley Father Barry is besides at that place to give advice and support to Terry through his battle and prevents the impulse of Terry to non kill Friendly. inquiring ‘Do you want to ache Friendly? †¦ You’ll fight him in the courtroom tomorrow with the truth. ’ This so provides a alteration in Terry when he punches Tulio. which interrupts Father Barry’s talk about KO Dugan’s decease. on the docks. In this scene ‘the crucifixion’ address in the clasp. where the work forces work. has a immense impact on Terry it shows the separation of Terry from the stevedore and which symbolises Terry’s individualism and ain journey of incorrect to compensate. and the turning affect Terry has towards Father Barry. This address has acted as Terry’s concluding motive to squeal his guilt to Edie and attest against Friendly. It is through Edie’s love. support and compassion that we see her moral impact on Terry. Edie’s mortality is infections and it is she who is responsible for promoting Terry’s interior humanity and sense of justness. Terry is the 1 that is larning more from Edie than she is larning from Terry. Edie recognises Terry’s goodness and she knows ‘he attempts to look tough. but there’s a expression in his oculus. ’ She brings out the shyness in Terry. as we see in the park where we see them at their first minutes of nervousness towards one another which is demoing at that place developing love for one another and turning relationship. When Edie and Terry are in the saloon it shows the audience that they portion doctrines such as when Edie tells Terry ‘shouldn’t everybody attention about everybody else? . ’ There love and trust for each other grows they become closer which makes Terry acknowledge his portion to Edie in the decease of Joey Doyle. Edie’s about beatific psyche helps Terry to repossess his scruples. Her restraint. modestness. and credence open up a new topographic point in Terry’s bare-knuckle bosom. Sexuality is important in her engagement with Malloy. and their attractive force grows. in portion. because they are physical antonyms: Malloy is a hefty former pugilist and she’s a polite church miss. Edie’s trueness to her brother is the driving motive for all her actions. Be it non for her staunchness. Pops Doyle would hold succeeded in directing her place. and the hoods of the pack would hold succeeded in intimidating her. To Malloy. she represents a manner out. Not happy with the few waies open to him on the waterfront. he could get down a new life. with Edie. someplace else. Malloy tests her echt religion in the good will of others when he tells her of his engagement in Joey’s decease. But at the terminal of the movie she has reclaimed her religion in humanity. and she remains about strictly good to the terminal. Charlie’s love for Terry. Friendly’s enemy. is intense in their every interaction. Whether he’s pull the leg ofing with Terry about his soft place on the docks or call on the carpeting him for his relationship with Edie. Charlie exhibits concern for Terry’s wellbeing. The bounds of the waterfront topographic point ruins Terry‘s relationship with his brother. Charley as he is despairing to make what’s best. keep his occupation. and to protect Terry. and himself. In the scene with Terry and Charley when they are in the hack. it shows that in the intense limitation infinite. that Charley one time used Terry. overmastering his pugilist calling. In this scene we see that something better happens to Terry. and he realizes who he is now and that it was Charley’s mistake every bit good as it is his ain. Terry’s transmutation is non entirely self-induced. but instead brought on by a twine of disclosures and events. including his misunderstood function in Joey Doyle’s decease. his turning consciousness of Edie’s love and his love for her. Father Barry’s pressing attention. and the slayings of Dugan and Charlie. Terry’s development throughout the movie showed the audience a immense advancement in Terry’s journey from a shy. quiet brotherhood helper to a confident adult male that puts an terminal to Friendly’s ruin which makes him a heroic figure at the terminal of the movie.

Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders

Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders Introduction Background Information Community service as a concept has gained popularity throughout the world for various reasons. Perold Rahmat (1997:14) are of the view that this concept is gaining popularity in discourses taking place throughout the world. This is especially the case in community development discussions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bryant West (2011) views community service as service or activity that â€Å"..is donated or performed by an individual or a group of individuals to benefit the community† (p. 82). The aim of community service is to benefit members of the public or the various institutions that are found in a contemporary society. It is noted that not every individual who provides community service can be referred to as a volunteer. This is a common misconception among members of the public. It is not everyone who is contributing to the wellbeing of the community is doing so at their own free will. This is given the fact that the individual may be compelled to provide community service by various factors. Such an individual cannot be conceptualised as a volunteer. However, those who provide community service on their own volition with the sole aim of benefiting members of the society and the various social institutions can be regarded as volunteers (Hustinx, 2005: 530). So what are some of the reasons that compel someone to provide community service? According to Jones Hill (2003: 539), there are various reasons why one may feel compelled to provide community service against their will. For example, the government may require some people to provide community service as a policy. This is for example when military officers are required to provide humanitarian assistance to members of the public during war. Another r eason may be an order from the court especially for those criminals who are serving their sentence on probation. A school may also require the students to provide community service before they graduate. These are just some of the various reasons that may compel someone to provide community service against their will.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jehan (2004: 297) opines that recent developments in the world today have greatly affected community service. For example, globalisation has made the community so complex such that several communities around the world are dependent on each other. This being the case, community service in one community may have impacts on another society in a different part of the world. The issue of interdependence among communities is especially significant given the fact that globalisation has created a situation whereby limited r esources have to be shared by the various communities around the world (Jehan, 2004: 297). As a result of globalisation, it is noted that community service requires the engagement of various stakeholders in the society. This is given the fact that a single sector or a single segment of the society cannot effectively meet the requirements of community service in a given society (Hustinx, 2005: 526). Collaboration between various stakeholders such as businesses, schools and such others is needed to improve the welfare of the community. So what are some of the benefits of community service? According to Vermeulen, Nawir Mayers (2003: 12), both the community and the person providing the service stand to benefit from community service. For example as far as the individual is concerned, community service leads to a sense of pride and satisfaction after helping the needy (Dwayne Palmer, 2006: 399). The individual feels needed and feels that they have contributed to the wellbeing of the s ociety. Community service also fosters a sense of responsibility on the part of the volunteer or the person providing the service (Bednarz et al., 2008: 92). The person feels indebted to the community and feels that they have a duty to perform. It is noted that community service strengthens the community benefiting from the service. For example, a business enterprise providing free medical services to the members of the community improves the overall health of the whole community (Altman, 1995: 529). As the volunteer gets to interact with other members of the community, a sense of tolerance develops between the members of the community and the volunteer. This is especially so in regions such as Africa where ethnic and tribal animosity is rife. A volunteer should ideally provide services to all members of the society without discriminating on the basis of ethnicity or other differences.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Addressing the Impacts of Under graduates’ Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that as much as the community and the individual stands to benefit from community service, there are various challenges facing the provision of this service in a given community (Bebbington Farrington, 1993: 202). The challenges vary through time and space. This means that they vary from one community to the other and from one time or period to the other. Such challenges may include the resistance on the part of the members of the community. The members of the community may resist help from outsiders even when it is obvious that such help is to their own benefit. For example, a country in Africa may decline humanitarian help from a Western nation claiming that such assistance may threaten the sovereignty of the country. Another challenge may be resistance and lack of cooperation on the part of the community service prov iders. A case in point is when students resist providing community service when it is made mandatory by the school management. It is also noted that community service may be threatened by lack of funds which will hamper the ability of the organisation or the individual to provide such services. A case in point is when there is lack of donor funding to support famine relief programs in Africa. Problem Statement As already noted in this paper, community service can be provided by different individuals and organisations from within and without the target community. This may include businesses providing community service as part of their corporate social responsibility program, faith based organisations as part of their outreach program or individuals interested in giving back to the community (Booth, 2006: 13). A university is such an organisation that may find it necessary to provide community service as part of its academic and professional program. The university may require the stu dents to participate in community service before they graduate. This is for example when the department of dentistry requires the trainee dentists to participate in dental camps organised in the community to provide members of the community with free dental services. Other activities in which the students may participate include planting trees, cleaning, caring for the needy among others.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perold Rahmat (1997) are of the view that universities in Africa have embraced community service as a program and strategy aimed at addressing various problems facing such an institution. For example, the universities may require the students to engage in community service in order to gain practical experience as far as working within the community is concerned (Cooke Kothari, 2001: 13). The universities may also participate in community service as part of the institution’s efforts to give back to the community. According to Perold Rahmat (1997: 15), advocates of community service are of the view that such a program can be used by the university to address various issues facing higher learning. To this end, advocates of such a program are of the view that community service benefits not only the community but also the student and the institution as a whole. The community benefits by having its welfare and wellbeing of its members improved while the student benefits by gaini ng working experience among other benefits. The university on its side is able to establish and sustain working relationship with the members of such a community as a result of the community service (Wilson, 2011: 19). One is able to identify the various stakeholders involved in community service in Africa by analyzing the benefits that community service provided by a university has. The stakeholders in such a case may include the students, the university, the government and the community as alluded to above (Mobley, 2007: 129). Out of all these stakeholders, it is noted that the university students who are participating in community service are perhaps the main beneficiaries of such a program. As already indicated in this paper, the students acquire professional skills as a result of their participation and they may also be earning in the process (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 15). This is for example when the students are financed by various donor agencies to participate in community serv ice. It is noted that youths actively advocate for community service programs in African universities. This is perhaps given the fact that they have come to realise that they are the main beneficiaries of such programs. Authors cite the example of the annual South African Students’ Congress (also referred to as Sasco) held in 1996 which passed a resolution supporting compulsory community work for all students in institutions of higher learning (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 16). According to the resolution passed by the students, community work should be in line with what the student is studying in the university. For example, a Social Work student may be involved in the provision of free social services to street children in the cities. The South African National Youth Commission also advocates for a program targeting university students in the country. The commission is of the view that such a program can be used as a creative strategy to finance higher education in South Africa (H ellebrandt, 2008: 222). The commission proposes that students who cannot meet their higher education expenses can collect credits by providing their services to the community. The discourse above illustrates a university-community development partnership in Africa. This is where the university and the community come together to improve the welfare of the members of the society. This paper is going to address the university-community partnership in Africa. The author is going to specifically address the impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as Africa is concerned. The researcher will adopt a literature review methodology which will involve a critical review of literature that found in this field. The aim of such a critical literature review is to organise the knowledge base that is found in this field by identifying the various agreements and disagreements among authors and scholars. The literature review will also identify knowledge gaps in the field and propose areas for future studies. Research Objectives This study will have one main research objective and several specific objectives. The main objective is the overall aim and goal of the study. The main objective will be attained by addressing the various specific objectives. The main and specific objectives are as listed below: Main Objective To address the impacts of undergraduate engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned. Specific Objectives Analyse the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa Analyse the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the various stakeholders in Africa Analyse the various strategies adopted by universities in providing community service in Africa Analyse the various benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa Analyse the various challenges affecting the impacts of undergrad uates’ engagement in community service in Africa Analyse the various strategies that can be used to improve the quality of community service provided by universities in Africa Provide recommendations for universities in Africa regarding university-community development partnerships in the continent Research Questions Like research objectives, this study will have a major research question and various specific research questions. It is important to note that the research questions are related to the research objectives. This is given the fact that by answering the research questions, the researcher will have addressed the objectives of the research. Major Research Question What are the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned? Specific Research Questions Who are the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa? What are the impacts of u ndergraduates’ engagement in community service in Africa? What strategies are used by African universities to provide community service? What are the benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa? What are some of the challenges facing community service provided by universities in Africa? How can universities in Africa improve the quality of community service provided? Which areas of university-community partnerships in Africa can benefit from future research? Thesis Statement Undergraduates’ engagement in community service has various impacts on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned Methodology As already indicated in this paper, the author is going to use critical literature review as a research methodology. To this end, the researcher is going to identify the findings of various studies in this field and try to identify the various agreements and disagreements between the various authors. One major advanta ge of critical literature review as a methodology is the fact that the study benefits from the various perspectives of different authors in the field. A major weakness of the methodology is the fact that it generates no new knowledge in the field. All the researcher does in critical literature review is reorganise the knowledge that already exists in a given field. The researcher will identify articles from journals, books and such other academic sources that address the issue of university-community development partnership. Several criteria will be used to select articles that will be included as sources in this study. For example, all the articles must come from academic or professional journals that are peer reviewed or from books. This criterion is aimed at providing credible sources for the study. Another criterion has to do with the fact that all the articles must address the issue of community service in the society. This criterion is aimed at providing this author with artic les that are relevant to the topic of the research. All the articles should also be written in English. However, this criterion does not exclude those articles that were originally written in another language but translated later to English. Scope and Limitations of the Study Overview It is noted that it is not possible to carry out a single study that is capable of addressing all the aspects of a given research topic. This being the case, it is important for the researcher to identify the boundaries within which the study will be conducted. Delineation of such a boundary helps the researcher in focusing the study. The issues that will be covered by the study are separated from those that will not be addressed. This reduces ambiguity and lack of clarity in a given study. This study is not different. It is noted that the study has various limitations that may affect the quality of the findings if not addressed. The limitations can emanate from within and from outside the study. Follo wing is a list of the scope and limitations of the study. The researcher will provide strategies to address the limitations where necessary. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study will be limited to community service provided by universities in Africa. Community service from other agencies such as businesses will not be considered The study will be limited to university-community partnerships in Africa. Such partnerships in other countries outside Africa will not be considered for the study It is also noted that the study will be limited to the participation of undergraduate students in community service. Participation from other stakeholders in the university such as lecturers and the university administration will not be the main focus of this paper The study will use information from other studies conducted in the field before. This means that the study will not generate primary data. To uphold the integrity and quality of the study, the researcher will use stringent measu res in selecting the literature that will be used for the study Significance of the Study At any given time, there are a number of studies which are being conducted in a given field. This being the case, any new research or study that is being conducted in the field has to be justified. The study can be justified on the basis of the value that it is going to add to the field. Following is an outline of the significance of this study in this field: The findings of this study will help African universities in identifying the benefits of community service and the challenges facing such programs. This will help them improve such programs in the future The findings of this study will also help universities in other parts of the world to improve their partnership with the communities by learning from the African experience The findings of the study will help policy makers such as government agencies, community based organisations and such other agencies interested in community developme nt identify the importance of university-community partnerships in Africa. This will help the policy makers come up with policies that will support such partnerships in the future Summary In this section, the author introduced the reader to the various aspects of the study that will be conducted later in the paper. Major aspects of the study were highlighted. The researcher started by providing background information on the topic. This was followed by problem statement, research questions and research objectives, methodology of the study, scope and limitations of the study and finally the significance of the study. The following section will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used. Theoretical Framework Introduction In this section, the writer will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used for this study. The researcher will use the participatory theory to critically analyse undergraduates’ engagement in community service i n Africa. It is noted that there are various models or theories of participation that are to be found in this field. Most of these theories are borrowed from political participation literature and adapted for participation in the context of community development. The researcher will highlight some of these theories and provide the main assumptions and arguments of the theories. Theoretical framework is an important aspect in any given research. This is given the fact that the assumptions of the theory guide the researcher in conducting the study. By analyzing the various provisions and assumptions of a theoretical framework in the field, the researcher is able to explain and analyse what they observe when conducting the study. Theories are also important since they are used in organising knowledge in a given field in a coherent manner. This makes it easier to retrieve and access the knowledge stored in such a field. Participation in Community Development: Theoretical Models Overview According to Andrea (2000: 28), participation is a very important aspect of community development. Given the fact that university-community participations are aimed at developing the community, it is noted that community development theories are applicable in such a case. Such a community development theory is the one addressing participation in development activities in such a community. According to Chambers (2007: 23), there are various factors that affect participation of various stakeholders in community development activities. These may include the form of motivation that such individuals are receiving, the socio-psychological orientation of the participants among others (Hartslief, 2005: 12). Community Development Participatory Models As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several participatory models explaining the level and intensity of participation among stakeholders. These models can be borrowed and adapted from political participatory models found in pol itical science literature. Following are the major participatory models that can be applied in the field of community development specifically university-community partnerships in Africa: The Mobilisation Model of Community Development Participation According to this participation model, it is assumed that stakeholders in community development participate in the activities as a result of the availability of opportunities in their surroundings (D’Exelle Riedl, 2008: 12). As far as political participation is concerned, individuals can only participate in political activities such as elections if they are presented with opportunities to do so. In the context of community development, mobilisation participation model holds that an individual will participate in community development if such an opportunity is made available to that individual (Edmunds Wollenberg, 2002: 244). For example, a student will only participate in community service activities if they are provided with th e opportunity to do so. To this end, universities should ensure that they provide the student with the chance and opportunity to participate in community development through community service. This is perhaps the motivation behind the Congress for South African Students cited earlier when members proposed that community service programs should be mandatory in all institutions of higher learning. By making community service mandatory, the university will effectively provide the student with an opportunity to participate in community development (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 100). Mobilisation model theory also stipulates that individuals participate as a result of stimuli from other persons around them (Colby et al., 2011: 55). As far as political participation is concerned, it is noted that people will participate in politics as a result of persuasion and influence from other people around them. The same can apply to community development participation. Individuals may participate in commu nity service as a result of influence from other people. In other words, students in African universities can participate in community service if they are motivated by other people around them. The university can provide such motivators to the students. Community Development and the Social Psychological Model of Participation According to Hellison (2009: 28), stakeholders such as the youth can resist community service for various reasons. It is also noted that there are various strategies that can be used to resist community service or participation in community development activities. This is for example individual rebellion, collective action such as demonstrations among others. Social psychological model of participation can be used to explain such extreme behaviours. In politics, the model can be used to explain political uprising and mass actions such as the ones experienced in Egypt, Libya and other African countries. This theory provides that individuals are utilitarian actor s who are able to analyse the costs and benefits of various actions (Ugochi, 2007: 27). They can analyse the benefits and costs that are associated with their participation in community service activities and they will act based on this analysis. If the student feels that they will not benefit from community service, they are bound to resist and rebel against efforts made to compel them to participate in such activities (Horm Warford, 2003: 144). It is also noted that the individual is an actor who subscribes to a network of social norms and beliefs (Ferraiolo, 2011: 100). It is this network which provides the individual with internal and external motivations to act in a given manner. It is the reason why a student will support calls to make community service mandatory to all students in higher learning institutions in South Africa given the fact that they are tied to such students’ bodies. Participation in Community Service and The General Incentives Model of Participation According to Gillette (1985: 373), there are people who participate in community development with a lot of intensity than others. This is for example those students who will organise community service activities and lobby their teachers and students to join them. The general incentive model can be used to explain such observations. In the context of politics, the theory can be used to shed light on high- intensity forms of participation in political activities. This is for example running for office, campaigning, canvassing and such other activities. In the context of participation in community development and specifically through community service, it is noted that stakeholders need incentives to participate in such activities (Vermeulen, 2005: 34). However, it is noted that we should consider a wider array of such incentives as opposed to limiting ourselves to individual incentives that motivate the stakeholder (Vermeulen et al., 2003: 12). This model is somehow similar to the mot ivation model given the fact that the stakeholder needs a push to participate in community service. There are various forms of incentives that will motivate a stakeholder to participate in community service (Goulding, 2009: 38). A university should be aware of such incentives to ensure that they are put in place where necessary to encourage students’ participation in community development. Such incentives may include the satisfaction that the stakeholder derives from such participation, the recognition that they get among others (Osvaldo Gustavo, 2011: 29). Addressing Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service in Africa Overview In this section, the researcher will critically analyse issues surrounding the impacts of undergraduates’ participation or engagement in community service in Africa. Among the issues that will be covered include the impacts of such an engagement on stakeholders, the challenges facing such an engagement and strategies use d by universities in community development among others. Stakeholders in University-Community Partnerships in Africa Before looking at the various benefits of community service by university students, it is important to first identify the various stakeholders that are involved in university-community partnerships in Africa. It is after identifying such stakeholders that we can then look at what each of them stands to gain from undergraduates’ engagement in community service. The following are some of the stakeholders: The Student This is perhaps the most important stakeholder in university-community development partnerships (Timms et al., 2005: 9). It is the students enrolled in various departments in the university who are involved in community service most of the time. For example, Perold Rahmat (1997: 102) cites the case of the South African Students’ Congress which was advocating for mandatory community service for all students in institutions of higher learning i n South Africa. From this analysis, we can conclude that the student has a very important role to play in university-community partnership. The student is the link between the university and the community in this partnership. The University As much as one would like to argue that the undergraduate is the most important stakeholder in university-community partnerships in Africa, it is important to note that the student cannot exist or carry out their duties without the support of the university. It is the university which gives such a student the mandate and the authority to provide community service in the society (Hewson et al., 2010: 12). When the members of the community interact with the student during community service sessions, they see the student as a representative of the particular university that they are coming from. This being the case, it can be argued that the university is an equally important stakeholder in the university-community partnership in Africa. It is the u niversity administration which provides the students with transport, finance and other facilities that are needed in carrying out community service. It is also the university which is tasked with the duty of equipping the student with the skills that are necessary in carrying out community service (Long, 1999: 23). The Community It is noted that the community is the major beneficiary of community service provided by the university through the students (Platteau Gaspart, 2008: 34). The participation of the community is very important in community service. It is important to ensure that the members of the community are involved in the process of identifying their needs and coming up with possible solutions to their problems (Shortall, 2004: 120). According to Chambers (2007: 41), it is important to ensure that community service activities are not imposed on the community by the university and the students or any other agency involved in community service. This is given the fact that when that happens, the community is likely to resist such efforts in effect neutralising the intended benefits. This is despite the fact that the community service endeavours may have been tailored to benefit the community and not the student or the university. Impacts of Students’ Participation in Community Service in Africa on Various Stakeholders As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several impacts of students’ participation in community service in Africa and elsewhere in the world. It is noted that the impacts may vary from one stakeholder to the other depending on the form of community service that is being offered. One thing that has not being noted is the fact that the participation of students in community service can have both negative and positive impacts on the various stakeholders (Madzivhandila, 2005: 3). The impacts on the various stakeholders will be analysed in detail here: Impacts on Students One of the positive impacts of community s ervice on students is the fact that they gain professional experience from their participation (Ribot, 1999: 34). Take the case of a medical student who is about to graduate. Going to the village and providing medical services gives them an idea of what it is like to work in a real life situation It is also noted that participation in such endeavours leads to a sense of satisfaction on the part of the student. The student feels that they have done something useful for the community and this increases their sense of responsibility (Ribot, 2005: 89) It is noted that participation in community service may have financial benefits for the student. This is for example when the student gets paid to perform extra community service or when they perform community service in exchange for credits to finance their higher education However, it is also important to note that participation in community service may have various negative impacts on the student in Africa. For example, participation ma y take a lot of the student’s time. This is time that could have been used in other activities such as reading for an exam (Arnstein, 1969: 222) At times community service may be irrelevant to the student. This is especially so if the student is involved in community service in an area that is not related to what they are studying in school. This may also happen when the student is compelled to perform community service in order to graduate (Sithole, 2005: 177) Impacts on the University Participation in community service has several impacts on the university as an institution of higher learning in Africa. One of the major positive impacts is the establishment of links between the university and the community within which it is located (Andrea, 2000: 18) However, the participation of undergraduates in community service may be expensive on the part of the university. This is especially so if the type of community service the university is involved in is capital intensive (Tim ms et al., 2005: 2). This is significant given that most of the universities in Africa are underfunded Student participation in community service may also enhance the quality of education that is offered by the university. This is given the fact that the education is not only theoretical but also practical. This being the case, the status of the university as far as potential employers are concerned is enhanced Impacts on the Community The welfare of the community is enhanced when the university engages such a community in a university-community partnership initiative. For example, the health of the members of the community improves when the university provides free or affordable medical services to them (Durham, 2004: 600) Participation of undergraduates in community service may lead to what Platteau Gaspart (2008: 1) refer to as ‘elite capture’. This happens when a few members of the community hijack the services provided by the university and excludes other member s of the society. This will in effect lead to community development that is skewed in favour of a few members of the society or the elite Improving University-Community Partnerships in Africa Having looked at some of the benefits and costs of community service as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned, it is now important to look at various strategies that may be used by the various stakeholders to improve the partnership in Africa. We can analyse this by looking at some of the key features of a successful university-community partnership in Africa and elsewhere in the world. The following are some of the features: Using Faculty Work to Improve the Welfare of the Community According to Wilson (2011: 21), higher learning institutions using university-community partnerships to engage the community must start by analyzing the importance of such a partnership in achieving the mission and objective of the university. To this end, it does not benefit the universit y or the community for that matter to engage in community service activities that are seen as ‘dumbing down’ the agenda of the institution (Wilson, 2011: 21). As one step towards improving the quality of community service offered by their faculty members and students in general, the university should review the intended community service activities and how they are related to the objectives and mission of the university. Understanding and Respecting the Community A unique feature of students’ participation in community service is the fact that the activities bring together students and members of the community drawn from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (Vermeulen, 2005: 65). This being the case, there is need for the university and the students to respect and appreciate the unique culture of the community within which they are providing community services. A successful community service program is marked by this respect and understanding. It is noted that more often than not, universities make their way into the community and start imposing programs on that society. This is especially the case when universities from the western nations are involved in a university-community partnership with communities from the African continent. Such a university may enter such an African community with what Wilson (2011: 23) refers to as a â€Å"know-it-all† attitude. Such a university will practically force the community to adopt the policies that are proposed by the so called ‘know- it- all’ partner. Wilson (2011: 22) provides the university wishing to improve the quality of community service with a strategy calculated to gain acceptance from the target community. The author is of the view that the university should first immerse itself fully into the target community before initiating engagement. This will make the community accept the university and thus support the activities of such an institution. Africa may be regarded as a backward and primitive continent by many students who are not aware of the diversity of communities in this continent. Such students may be stereotypical when engaged in community service in African communities. This will compromise the community service activities initiated by universities in this continent. Establish Long-Term and Sustainable Partnerships with the Community Wilson (2011: 24) notes that a successful university-community partnership is not an â€Å"episodic phenomenon†. It is not something that develops overnight. On the contrary, such an engagement is â€Å".programmatic, research-based and more often than not long term† (Wilson, 2011: 24). Most communities in Africa are plagued by challenges and problems that have accumulated over the years as a result of negligence from the rest of the world. This is for example problems brought about by colonisation and exploitation of resources by the western nations (Colby et al., 2011: 56). These are some o f the challenges that are addressed by university-community partnership initiatives in Africa. For example, such an initiative may be addressing rampant poverty in Africa which has been brought about by interplay of factors such as bad governance, exploitation, illiteracy among others. To better address such challenges in Africa, the universities should adopt a long term strategy as opposed to a short term form of intervention (Bednarz et al., 2008: 88). As already noted, the problems did not develop overnight. This being the case, a strategy aimed at addressing these challenges should also be long term just like the challenges themselves (Dwayne Palmer, 2006: 400). As a step towards building long term engagements with the community, it is noted that the university should seek the collaboration of other agencies in community development. These are agencies such as the government, faith based organisations and other non-governmental organisations (Osvaldo Gustavo, 2011: 25). It was mentioned earlier in this paper that recent developments in the word such as globalisation and the rise of technology has changed the community completely. This is especially so for African communities which were under the rule of colonialists for a very long time. This being the case, the challenges that are facing these communities cannot be effectively tackled by one agency alone. This is the reason why the university requires other strategic stakeholders to ensure that the university-community development partnership is sustainable (Booth, 2006: 13). Types of Community Service Programs Initiated by University-Community Partnerships in Africa Community service programs take various forms in Africa. The following are just some of these forms of community service programs: Volunteer Service Programs According to Perold Rahmat (1997), a volunteer is a person who takes community service as a form of extra-curricular activity. The volunteer is involved in community service during ho lidays or when they are not having classes in the case of a university student. In volunteer programs, the student is expected to perform general tasks and not necessarily tasks that are related to their academic field. This means that volunteer programs are not taken as part of class work by the university. The student engaged in volunteer community service is not paid. However, it is noted that the university may fund the activities of the volunteer but this should not be taken as payment on the part of the volunteer student (Bryant West, 2011: 85). Work-Study Programs According to Hustinx (2005: 530), this is a form of program that combines studies and working at the same time. For example, the student may be involved in assisting their lecturers in conducting research, teaching other students among other things. A major aim of work-study program in African universities and other universities around the world is to support the student financially. This is especially so if the ad ministration feels that the student is bright but is needy and cannot afford the tuition fees. This is one way of giving back to the community on the part of the university. Placements A well known form of placement program is internship. Internship has become part of the curriculum in many universities in Africa and in the world in general. However, it is important to note that placement is not strictly structured to give back to the community on the part of the university (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 100). On the contrary, the major aim of placement is to provide the student with a link between theory and practice in learning. However, a critical analysis of the program will reveal that it has some aspects of community service in it. This is especially so when the student is attached to community based organisations such as NGOs which are providing free social services to the public. Conclusion This study critically looked at the impacts of undergraduate students’ engagement in c ommunity service in Africa. The researcher started by defining what community service is and what it entails. Some of the benefits and costs of community service to various stakeholders were analysed. The various forms of community service were also analysed as well as the various strategies that can be used by the universities in Africa to improve their community service programs. Recommendations for Future Research Future studies should make an effort to analyse how universities can improve their development partnerships with the communities. This is given the fact that there is very little data in this field touching on this topic Future studies should also try to analyse the impacts of other students apart from undergraduates as far as their engagement in community service in Africa is concerned. This is as a result of the realisation that other groups of students such as post-graduates are also involved in community service References Altman, D. G. (1995). Sustaining interventi ons in community systems: On the relationship between researchers and communities. Health Psychology, 14(6): 526-536. Andrea, C. (2000). Making a difference: Gender and participatory development. IDS, 2000: 5-30. Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 23: 216-224. Bebbington, A., Farrington, J. (1993). 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Shermans March to the Sea essays

Shermans March to the Sea essays On November 15th, 1864 Major-General William Tecumseh Sherman, commander of the Grand Army of the West, embarked on a raid which would become known as the march to the sea designed to cut a 60 mile wide swath from Atlanta to Savannah. Once in Savannah he would turn north through South and North Carolina and on into Virginia to help Grant defeat Lee at Richmond. As Shermans soldiers were leaving Atlanta, now in flames, they went forward with the intent of shortening the Civil War. Shermans troops accomplished this with a brand of warfare seen only sporadically in the previous four years of battle. Sherman decided to turn his attention on destroying the enemys war economy (Oates, 1998, p.594), going after the infrastructure of the South. Along the way his troops burned, pillaged, stole personal belongings, and confiscate possessions and property of the civilian population. Did the end justify the means and was this a just course of action? By November 1864, the Civil War had seen gruesome days to be sure. By the end of the war the total number of soldiers killed in combat and by disease and other non-combat related causes for both the North and South were 623, 026 (Foote, 1974). The total wounded for both sides were 471,427 (Foote, 1974). These numbers are staggering in that only 2,750,000 soldiers participated in the war. The battles of Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Antietem to name a few, were some of the most bloody of the war. The Union Army had changed commanders many times, among them Meade, Hooker, McClellan twice, Burnside, and Grant. Ulysses S. Grant was there to stay. Grants best subordinate officer was General Sherman. Sherman had taken command of the Western Theater and pushed Joseph Johnston off Lookout Mountain outside of Chattanooga, then maneuvered him out of position after position until Johnston fell back upon Atlanta, where Joe Johnston was reliev...

History of Eastern United States coast barrier islands land change Research Proposal

History of Eastern United States coast barrier islands land change - Research Proposal Example They also connected many people with the shore. Pleasure and comfort was on the peak in the island making investments to be on the rise (Jones and Mike 2011, 15-16). Hotels and cottages came into place on the coast. The vegetation around was not the same all over as most of it would be destroyed by the sea water (Parry 2007, 35-36; Goudie, and Cuff 2008, 25). The long island beaches are barren with no vegetation while the other side of the island is covered with a dense forest of trees   (Gray 2008, p57). Most of the beaches are sandy in nature hence the need for the barriers to reduce soil erosion (Robinson 2005, p57; MacCracken and Frances 2008, 76). The coastal zone has been home to almost two thirds of the population in America. Along it are the slender and fragile silvers of sand that act as the barriers. They have been maintained for a longer period as a result of the frequent hurricanes and tides that affect the area often (Pilkey, and Rob 2008 ). The people in the area started building the barriers at the end of the last ice age. During this period, there was a steady rise in the sea level and it went ahead to flood the coastal river valleys claiming several lives. They went ahead to form the first barrier on the higher grounds in areas that were non-drowned and near river valleys (Pilkey and Pilkey 2007, 25). Barriers have over the years been considered to be young geologically and will always shift and slide with response to the ocean currents and winds available (Rice, Pilkey and Tracy 2004, 103). However, currently the barriers have been built and maintained by considering the interaction of rivers which is a complex phenomenon. The river now brings sediments from the inland areas and deposits it along the coast (Mirko 2006, 8). The wind then builds the deposited material and they become dunes. In case the dunes become stronger, there are plants that grow on it and therefore help

How does the Islamic religion influence Islamic law Essay

How does the Islamic religion influence Islamic law - Essay Example From the birth to the death, the Muslims across the globe hear the holy sounds of Quran. The holy Quran is regarded as the guide for the lives of all the Muslims across the globe. All Islamic principles and ethics are embedded in it. The finer aspects of Islam and the Islamic Law are ingrained in the holy Quran. The spread of the Islam in this world has been phenomenal. Starting from the cities of the Makkah and Madinah in the Arabian world, the message of the Islam spread at lightning speed. Within 100 years since the death of the Prophet Mohamed, the messages of Islam spread to three continents of the world. In the Western world, the ordinary believe is that that region of Islam has spread at electrifying pace through bloody wars. But this is not true. The sheer appeal of the new Islam religion enticed people to believe in Islamism. The unflinching belief in the existence of One God and the strong emphasis and trust upon His divinity led to large numbers of people embracing Islam. Another important feature of the Islam was that it never adopted the policy to forcefully covert people to Islamism. Even in the modern times, in many Muslim dominated areas in the world, the people of other religions like the Jews and the Christians continued to follow their own religious ideologies.2. Whatsoever, the Islams spread at a rapid pace. The Turks accepted Islamism peacefully. Besides this, many Malay-speaking people and many people in the Indian subcontinent embraced Islamism. Even in many countries in the African and the South American continent, which were under the powerful colonial rulers of the Europe, the Islamism continued to flourish3. It is estimated that the Muslim population throughout the world is in the range 0.7 to 1.8 billion. Nearly one-fourth of the people in the world are adherents of Islam whereas 33% of the world population follows Christianity—by far the largest religion in the world. Given the rising number of followers of Islam, it is estim ated that Muslim will be the largest religion in the world by the middle of the twenty first century4. Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nigeria are the most populous Muslim nations. Of the total Muslims in the world, 25% live in the Middle East. In the US, around 6 million people are Muslims5. Living in a multicultural society brings together people from all religious practices, cultures and religions. The impact of law is seen by the different behaviors of people and the consequences they face for their actions. For instance the controversies surrounding headscarves worn by students in Turkish educational institutions and death sentence imparted to women owing to illegal sexual liaisons raise questions in our mind with respect to the origin of such measures or consequences. For the Islamic countries adherence to the Islamic law is important for the social progress in these nations. The administrations are compelled to encounter a disaster of identity and finds its politic al legitimacy challenged such that they will have to alter the principles and the legal structure within the Islamic frame6. The government feels the pressure of incorporating tenets of the Islamic law into the system and therefore some Muslims recommend the realization of the Sharia or the â€Å"Islamization of prevalent law†. The term ‘sharia’ is an Arabic phrase for ‘track’ or ‘road’. â€Å"The term itself actually derives from the noun ‘shara’a’, which reflects the idea of ‘a system of divine law’†7. Susie Steiner (2002), the author of the article ‘